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xls) as the type. Leave the File Name at its default value. The dialog now looks like this. Click Save. Free Microsoft Project Introduction. Microsoft Project Service Pack 2 (SP2) provides the latest updates for Project This service pack includes two kinds of fixes. Microsoft Project Advanced Table Of Contents SECTION 1 – REFRESH OF THE BASICS 3 GUIDE INFORMATION 4 Introduction 4 How To Use This Guide.
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Learn to use it to your advantage. How your project fits into the big picture. Phases, processes, portfolios Project management terminology can be overwhelming, but this article can help keep you on track. Experienced project managers and Microsoft Project users can be the most useful resource for a new project manager.
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You can already disable automatic garbage collection by setting gc. However, this has the downside that your Git performance will decay slowly as you accumulate new objects through your daily work.
VFS for Git and Scalar both solve this problem by maintaining the repository in the background. This is also done incrementally to reduce the extra load on your machine. The config step updates your Git config settings to some recommended values.
The config step runs in the background so that new versions of Scalar can update the registered repositories after install. As new config options are supported, we will update the list of settings accordingly.
We disable auto-GC by setting gc. This prevents your Git commands from being blocked by expensive maintenance. The background maintenance keeps your Git object database clean. We disable writing the commit-graph during git fetch by setting fetch.
We set status. This message is frequently ignored, but can cost precious seconds when you just want to see your unstaged changes. We set core. The fetch step runs git fetch about once an hour. This allows your local repository to keep its object database close to that of your remotes. This means that the time-consuming part of git fetch that downloads the new objects happens when you are not waiting for your command to complete. You still need to run git fetch in the foreground when you want ref updates from your remotes.
This allows us to have starting points when writing the commit-graph. The Git commit-graph is critical to performance in repositories with hundreds of thousands of commits. While it is enabled and written during git fetch by default since Git 2.
To recover that time during git fetch while maintaining performance, we update the commit-graph in the background. This is very quick to create, but accumulating too many objects like this can have significant performance drawbacks.
To reduce this overhead, the loose objects step will clean up your loose objects. Pack-files are very efficient ways to store a set of Git objects. As pack-files accumulate, Git needs to inspect a long list of pack-indexes to find objects, so a previously fast operation becomes slow.
Normally, garbage collection would occasionally group these pack-files into a single pack-file, improving performance. But what happens if we have too much data to efficiently rewrite all Git data into a single pack-file? How can we keep the performance of a single pack-file while also performing smaller maintenance steps? Our solution is the Git multi-pack-index file. Inspired by a similar feature in Azure Repos, the multi-pack-index tracks the location of objects across multiple pack-files.
Scalar runs git multi-pack-index write in the background to create the multi-pack-index. The multi-pack-index maintenance loop. However, there is still a problem. If we let the number of pack-files grow without bound, Git cannot hold file handles to all pack-files at once.
Rewriting pack-files could also reduce space costs due to better delta encoding. To solve this problem, Scalar has a pack-file maintenance step which performs an incremental repack by selecting a batch of small pack-files to rewrite.
The multi-pack-index is a critical component for this rewrite. When the new pack-file is added to the multi-pack-index, the old pack-files are still referenced by the multi-pack-index, but all of their objects are pointing to the new pack-file.
Any Git processes looking at the new multi-pack-index will never read from the old pack-files. Concrete results for Windows When we deployed these maintenance steps to the Windows OS developers, we saw that some repositories had thousands of packs that summed to gigabytes. These repositories now have fewer than one hundred packs totaling gigabytes. The git multi-pack-index repack command collects a set of small pack-files and creates a new pack-file containing all of the objects the multi-pack-index references from those pack-files.
Then, Git adds the new pack-file to the multi-pack-index and updates those object references to point to the new pack-file. We then run git multi-pack-index expire which deletes the pack-files that have no referenced objects.
By performing these in two steps, we avoid disrupting other Git commands a user may run in the foreground. We intentionally are making Scalar do less and investing in making Git do more. Scalar is simply a way to get the performance we need today. As Git improves, Scalar can provide a way to transition away from needing Scalar and using only the core Git client.
Scalar also serves as an example for the kinds of features we need in Git to remove these management layers on top. Here are a few of our planned Git contributions for the coming years. Scalar relies on a stable and correct filesystem watcher to scale growth in modified size, and Watchman does that decently well.
By creating a custom filesystem watcher in Git itself, we can optimize this interface to our needs. The sparse-checkout feature is how we scale growth in populated size. While the recent updates to the sparse-checkout feature made it faster and easier to use, we have a long way to go before that feature is complete.
Now that we are using sparse-checkout instead of a virtualized filesystem, we have new bottlenecks for Git commands. In particular, git checkout is not as fast as when using VFS for Git. With virtualization tricks, VFS for Git can act as if the filesystem is updated, delaying the cost of the populated size to later operations. We are investigating a parallel version of git checkout to improve performance. After that success, a cross-community group created the partial clone feature in Git.
Partial clones do not have a local copy of every reachable object and request missing objects when needed. Partial clone needs a few client-side improvements and support from service providers. When implementing Scalar, we reworked how Git interacts with the GVFS protocol to be inside the partial clone interface, so improvements to one experience will benefit the other.
As the Microsoft Office team onboards to Scalar, we expect to find new ways that Git can better interact with partial clone. To truly scale Git services to the demands of thousands of engineers and build machines interacting with a central server, Git needs a notion similar to the GVFS cache servers. While the branch updates would still come from the central authority, clients could download the pack-file from the fetch-objects URL.
We plan to propose this concept on the mailing list soon. We mentioned earlier how the Git client depends on periodic foreground garbage collection to keep repositories running smoothly. This is simply not feasible for very large repositories, and we plan to contribute a form of background maintenance to the core Git client. This will be an opt-in feature, and we hope to create a command such as git maintenance start that is as easy to use as scalar register. I will be presenting these ideas and more at Git Merge , so please check out the livestream at pm PT on March 4, Please, give Scalar a try and let us know if it helps you.
Is there something it needs to do better? Please create an issue to provide feedback. Comments are closed. Now they pay for mistake, inventing crutches for this rubbish. Mercurial — this is real DVCS, properly designed from very start. Clearly, Git has many more users and community support.
Will you have a demo of using a cache server in your presentation at Git Merge ? I particularly like the idea of automatically running fetch in the background, to speed up download times. Jay Gordon Senior Program Manager. April Edwards Senior Cloud Advocate. Gloridel Morales Senior Program Manager. DevOps Dojo Dojo Community. Dan Hellem. Learn more about Azure DevOps. Azure DevOps Feature Timeline. DevOps at Microsoft.
Visual Studio blog. Introducing Scalar: Git at scale for everyone. Andrew Brenner February 21, We will not disable TLS 1. Justin Chung February 27, Is that why Bitbucket removes support for HG this year? Thanks, Paul Dunn. This sounds super cool!
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